Except Karachi, Pakistan has extreme cold and hot weather in the respective seasons. With rising standards among higher economic classes, comfort requirements are increasing. In Pakistan, power demand goes down to as low as 8000MW in winters and soars to 25000MW in summer. Similarly, other than Karachi, gas demand is doubled or tripled in winters. This has serious implications for infrastructural planning and the economics of supply. What are the reasons; high gas demand for heating in winters and high electricity demand for cooling (air-conditioners) in summers? District heating and cooling (DHC) can play some role in dealing with this imbalance. In this space, we will discuss the potential, possibilities and the issues involved in the subject.
District heating has been there for more than a century and continues to be so, especially in Europe. Over the years, technology has changed and improved. District heating or cooling means separating the point of production and the point of use. Hot or cold water is produced at a central nearby point and is circulated through pipelines to the user buildings or facilities. User is not required to install his own heating or cooling facilities except internal piping, distribution and circulating fans. The domain of the DHC system can be as small as a business district having 20-25 high rises or it can be as large as a city such as Stockholm which is almost fully covered by the heating network. Distribution pipes as large as of 1000mm dia are used in the main arteries.
Why district heating and cooling: It has a great role in peakshaving.50% or more of electrical demand comes in peak period. This peak can be flattened due to hot or cold water storage possibilities; thus much lesser investment by government or its generation utilities, higher utilization and lesser fixed cost and even subsidy and circular debt. Besides, District heating and cooling is 40% more efficient. It can relieve expensive commercial space and full floors in a high rise buildings. It has a 40% lower carbon print as well. Above all, it simplifies commercial buildings construction and maintenance and the lead time is reduced for completing large building projects such as high-rise buildings.
In Europe, the tradition of district heating has been quite old since 1880. Coal-fired boilers were used to make steam and circulated at 100 degrees plus in the networks. It used to be highly inefficient, due to unnecessarily high temperatures of the steam that used to be transmitted in the pipes. Gradually, temperatures have gone down with increase in efficiency and reduction in cost.
These days mostly waste heat from various sources such as power plants, waste incineration plants, industrial heat and other sources are utilized instead of virgin heat production. District heating needs have probably been a driver for MSW incineration plants, especially in Scandinavia. In our earlier article, we indicated use of waste cold of LNG to be utilized for a variety of uses including district cooling and refrigeration.
Although the main driver of DHC is the utilization of waste heat from fossil plants, there is a scope for utilization of renewable energy as well. Often there is curtailment of wind, solar and even hydro in some cases. There is excess supply in the system and for a variety of reasons like transmission constraints, renewable energy cannot be inducted into the main grid. In such cases, extra energy can be diverted to DHC projects. Solar Parabolic water heating projects can be installed where space and distance allow. There are hot water streams in Gilgit-Baltistan which could be utilized where demand cluster exists. Even in Karachi, there used to be a Manghopir hot stream. In passing, one would want to lament that solar water heaters can be installed on rooftops, which has not been done to a reasonable level. More attention should be paid to it. A large part of excessive gas demand in northern areas could be met through rooftop solar water heater.
The concept of district heating and cooling may be viable in posh areas or in business districts containing high-rise buildings to be able to have enough cluster demand. Gated communities are getting increasingly popular which can install CHP facilities. Presently, they are wasting exhaust heat of the generators they have installed. In Pakistan, there are several large cities where DHC can be installed where there is demand density and affording customers. In Islamabad, from Secretariat and PM’s House to F-8; Kashmir Road to etc. In Karachi, the whole Shahrae-Faisal and the neighbourhoods around it provide an ample cluster along with Clifton, Defence and I.I. Chundrigar Road, etc.
Global market for the district cooling alone has been estimated to be 21.9 billion USD and expected to double by 2026. Market share of the Middle East has been estimated at 15-25%. Tabreed, a DHC provider, has installed 1.40 million RT (refrigeration tons) in 86 plants scattered throughout the Gulf countries. In South East Asia, Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong and Thailand are adopting it. Even in India, there is a DHC project that has been recently completed. The largest functioning cooling market is in the Middle East, although district cooling is expanding in Europe as well in business building where there are heat sources like data centers, office machinery and kitchens. As much as 40% commercial buildings have installed cooling system, district based or singly, although, cool water is drawn from lakes and rivers for this purpose.
Can we do it or should we do it? We are a poor country as the argument may go. It is cheaper than the traditional standalone system, both in terms of energy bills and the capex. Room temperatures in many Pakistan offices are much colder than anywhere else. Executives and officials wear suits in scorching summers.
DHC schemes can be introduced on IPP model. A DHC policy would be required to give legal cover. DHC areas would have to be identified and auctioned. If it remains voluntary, there may be no need of regulation. If end-user participation is made compulsory for the identified clusters then regulatory controls would be required. Special night time electricity tariff may be given to such projects. DHC projects can run their system in the night and store cold water to be distributed in the day. Not only will this increase capacity utilization, it will also have positive impact on electricity cost and tariff.
The challenge would be finding nearby energy generation facilities whose waste heat is to be utilized. In these days of technology and insulation technology, 50-100kms may not be an issue. Some stranded facilities can be relocated.
DHC may not be a panacea for all our energy problems. However, it can help fill the natural gas supply-demand gap in winters. It can improve looks of the buildings which are defaced due to the clutters of the packaged ACs. It can bring down heating and cooling costs, reduce carbon print and improve thermal efficiency.
(The writer is former Member Energy, Planning Commission)
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Table 2: Parameters illustrating volumes of heat supply from district heating networks in selected countries
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Unit China Denmark Germany Poland Switzerland Japan US
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Heat sold PJ 3182 107 399 344 18.3 9.0 455
(2014) (2013) (2014) (2010) (2015) (2014) (2010)
Installed MW 462595 30031 49799 56521 2466 4241 89600
district (2013) (2014) (2014) (2013) (2013) (2013) (2011)
heating
capacity
Network km 187184 29000 20252 16100 1432 672 3320
length (2014) (2013) (2014) (2013) (2013) (DH and DC (2013)
together)
2013)
Number - Half of all 394 1342 317 153 136 2500
Of Major cities (2013) (2014) (2013) (2013) (DH and DC estimated,
newtork together) 5800
(2015) (DH and DC
together)
Historic - Near linear Near linear Fairly Small Constant Stagnant Connecting
trend growth of increase constant decrease increase in consumption about 1% of
140 PJ per of 2 PJ per since 2003; in capacity final consumption since additional
year since year in increase in 2009-2013 of 280 TJ/year 2000 custom
2001 1975-200 industry, despite since 1978 floor space
which has decrease in pipeline to district
flattened commercial extensions; heating
since 2000 customers heat sales
stagnant/
small
decline
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Sources: China: National Bureau of Statistics of China (2016), Odgaard (2015), Denmark Danish Evergy Agency (2014),
Dansk Fjernvarme (2014); Germany; BMWi (2015), AGFW (2015); Poland IRENA, Central Statistical Office of Poland
(2014); Switzerland Bundesamt for Energie (2016): Japan: Kainou (2014), JHSBA (2016); US IRENA Eurohaet & Power
(2013), Cooper et al. (2012); multiple counties; Euroheat & Power (2015)
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Table 3: Parameters illustrating volumes of ccoling supply from district cooling networks in selected countries
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Unit Japan US Kuwait UAE
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Engergy sold TJ 12311 88972 - 114000*
(2014) (2011)
Installed district MW 3960 16234 - 10551
colling capacity (2013) (2013) (2013)
Length of district km 672 596 - 234**
Cooling networks (DH and DC (2011) (2015)
together)
(2013)
Number of - 139 5800 none/ 46**
District cooling (DH and DC (DH and DC data missing (2015)
Networks together) together)
(2014)
Trend: energy - Peak in 2005, Steady growth; - Rapid buildout; specific
sold decrease thereafter about 1.9 million m2 target as share of total
connected per year cooling demand in 2030
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* Based on installed capacity, 3000 full-load hours and around 20% of cooling demand (UAE Ministry of Energy, 2015).
** Excluding military infrastructure.
References; Japan: Kainou (2014), JHSBA (2016); multiple countries; Euroheat & Power (2013), Euroheat & Power (2015)
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Table 13: Typical technical and operational parameters of district heating systems in countries selected
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Unit China Denmark Germany Poland Switzerland Japan US
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Water ºC 115-130 66-115 90-130 130-135 45-110 mainly mainly
temperature steam steam
supply network network
Water ºC 50-80 38-67 30-60 65-70 35-60 mainly mainly
temperature steam steam
supply network network
Informational - 15.6% parts of 10.8% of many old no detailed majority of 98.5% of
On steam of heat; copenhagen heat from (>35 years) information; systems use heat from
Networks decreasing system steam systems in general steam (up steam
since 2010; operate process of trend is to 170 ºC)
all new on steam; renewal change to
networks there are from steam
based on plans to to hot water
water convert
them
Network - 20%-50% 19.8% 13% 12.4% 12% low low
Heat losses average average
Linear heat GJ/m 17.6 1.2-5 2.34-11.7 12.7 3.6-11.4 34.1 (both 107.0
Density per district
Year heating and
Cooling)
Network volumes average many long near- most major
age more than age networks (70-year) constant networks expansion
doubled approx date back history growth in built around induced
since the 24 years; to German in urban heat supply 1990; the by 1970s
year 2000; maximum Democratic centres: since 1980s first built energy
rapid 54 Republic significant around 1970 crises; alos
expansion (pre-German modernisation with a surge old systems
and reunification); efforts after 1985 (19th
fairly new reduction century)
networks in use in
the eastern
states.
Dynamic
Expansion in
the west
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Sources: China; odgaard (2015), National Bureau of Statistics of China (2016); Denmark;Gadd et Al, (2014), Danish Energy Agency (2014), Dansk Fjernvarme (2014); Germany;
AFGWAFGW (2015), Poland; Euroheat & Power (2015), OPET (2004), Choromanski et at (2009), Switzerland Thaimaan et at (2013), Dettliet at (2009), Bundesarnt fur Engergic
(2016); Japan JHSBA (2016); US; Cooper et at (2012); multiple countries; Zhang et al (2015), Nussbaumer (2014b), Euroheat & Power (2013)
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